Eyelid surgery necessitates a thorough knowledge of eyelid anatomy. Recent contributions
to the literature have significantly advanced our understanding of eyelid anatomy. In this …

Current training models are limited by an unstructured curriculum, financial costs, human
costs, and time constraints. With the newly mandated resident surgical competency, training …

The gross anatomy of the lower eyelid is analogous to that of the upper eyelid, however, the
lower eyelid has a more simplified structure with less dynamic movement. Common …

The stereotypic structure and location of the orbital connective tissues have long been
recognized. 1 2 3 The notion that these tissues might control extraocular muscle (EOM) …

Tractional tethering by the optic nerve (ON) on the eye as it rotates towards the midline in
adduction is a significant ocular mechanical load and has been suggested as a cause of ON …

Varied evidence now strongly supports the conclusion that Listing's Law and other important
ocular kinematics are mechanically determined. This finding implies more limited …

Ocular motor diversity exceeds capabilities of only six extraocular muscles (EOMs), but this
deficiency is overcome by the plethora of fibers within individual EOMs surpassing …

As evidence has mounted for the critical role of extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys in normal
ocular motility and disease, opposition to the notion has grown more strident. We review the …

purpose. This study was undertaken to investigate evidence for a connective tissue pulley
constraining the path of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle. methods. From magnetic resonance …

Extraocular muscle (EOM) paths during asymmetrical convergence were evaluated by tri-
planar, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits of eight young adults …