Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat are becoming increasingly
common and are causing a global health crisis. Antibiotic resistance is encoded by several …

The capacity of numerous bacterial species to tolerate antibiotics and other toxic compounds
arises in part from the activity of energy-dependent transporters. In Gram-negative bacteria …

Membrane proteins that exist in lipid bilayers are not isolated molecular entities. The lipid
molecules that surround them play crucial roles in maintaining their full structural and …

Tripartite multidrug efflux systems of Gram-negative bacteria are composed of an inner
membrane transporter, an outer membrane channel and a periplasmic adaptor protein. They …

Type 1 secretion systems (T1SS) are wide-spread among Gram-negative bacteria. An
important example is the secretion of the hemolytic toxin HlyA from uropathogenic strains …

Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are a global threat with many common infections
becoming increasingly difficult to eliminate. While significant effort has gone into the …

Abstract Prokaryotic type III CRISPR–Cas systems provide immunity against viruses and
plasmids using CRISPR-associated Rossman fold (CARF) protein effectors,,,–. Recognition …

TolC is an archetypal member of the outer membrane efflux protein (OEP) family. These
proteins are involved in export of small molecules and toxins across the outer membrane of …

Infections caused by bacteria are a leading cause of death worldwide. Although antibiotics
remain a key clinical therapy, their effectiveness has been severely compromised by the …