▪ Abstract A number of aposematic butterfly and diurnal moth species sequester unpalatable
or toxic substances from their host plants rather than manufacturing their own defensive …

▪ Abstract Mimicry and warning color are highly paradoxical adaptations. Color patterns in
both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry are often determined by relatively few pattern …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Disruptive coloration breaks up the shape and destroys the outline of an object, hindering
detection. The principle was first suggested approximately a century ago, but, although …

Insects have evolved various types of antipredator defenses. For example, many insects
have evolved crypsis, and exhibit cryptic body colors and shapes for hiding from predators …

EVOLUTIONARYstudies are hampered by a lack of experimental ways in which to test past
events such as the origination of aposematism1–7, whereby unpalatable or poisonous prey …

From humans to hermit crabs to deep water plankton, all living things compete for locally
limiting resources. This universal truth unites three bodies of thought--economics, evolution …

Gene duplication followed by adaptive evolution is one of the primary forces for the
emergence of new gene function. Here we describe the recent proliferation, transposition …

Understanding the early evolution of aposematic (warning) coloration has been a challenge
for scientists, as a new conspicuous morph in a population of cryptic insects would have a …

Gregariousness ought to be disadvantageous for palatable organisms that live exposed and
are relatively immobile and small in comparison to potential predators. Therefore, the idea …