Although intrinsic mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (BP) are similar in men
and women, marked variations exist at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. These …

In the past decade there has been a growing interest in understanding sex and gender
differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and the purpose of this review …

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
men and women in developed countries, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming …

Blockers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), that is, renin inhibitors,
angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Ang II type 1 receptor antagonists …

The teleology of sex differences has been argued since at least as early as Aristotle's
controversial Generation of Animals more than 300 years BC, which reflects the sex bias of …

Sex and gender differences are of fundamental importance in most diseases, including
chronic kidney disease (CKD). Men and women with CKD differ with regard to the …

Sex differences in cardiovascular diseases can be classified as those which are specific to
one sex and those that differ in incidence, prevalence, etiology, symptomatology, response …

Heart failure affects over 2.6 million women and 3.4 million men in the United States with
known sex differences in epidemiology, management, response to treatment, and outcomes …

Premenopausal women are protected to some extent from cardiovascular and kidney
diseases. Because this protection weakens after menopause, sex hormones are believed to …

Sex differences exist in the regulation of arterial pressure and renal function by the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS). This may in part stem from a differential balance in the pressor …