Chloroplasts are the defining plant organelles with responsibility for photosynthesis and
other vital functions. To deliver these functions, they possess a complex proteome …

Chloroplast activities influence nuclear gene expression, a phenomenon referred to as
retrograde signaling. Biogenic retrograde signals have been revealed by changes in …

The TOC and TIC complexes are essential translocons that facilitate the import of the
nuclear genome-encoded preproteins across the two envelope membranes of chloroplast …

Chloroplasts rely on the translocon complexes in the outer and inner envelope membranes
(the TOC and TIC complexes, respectively) to import thousands of different nuclear-encoded …

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and
degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of …

Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis and numerous metabolic and signalling processes that
enable plant growth and development. Most of the∼ 3000 proteins in chloroplasts are …

Dual targeting is a relatively little explored phenomenon by which some proteins are
transported to two different subcellular compartments, such as chloroplasts and …

Retrograde signals sent by chloroplasts control transcription in the nucleus. These signals
antagonistically converge with light signals to coordinate the expression of genes involved …

Subcellular organelles in eukaryotes are surrounded by lipid membranes. In an
endomembrane system, vesicle trafficking is the primary mechanism for the delivery of …

Lipid droplet (LD) in vegetative tissues has recently been implicated in environmental
responses in plants, but its regulation and its function in stress tolerance are not well …