Importance The magnitude and variability of cytokine alterations in depression are not clear.
Objective To perform an up to date meta-analysis of mean differences of immune markers in …

Predicting antidepressant treatment response has been a clinical challenge for major
depressive disorder (MDD). The inflammation hypothesis of depression suggests that …

Major life stressors, especially those involving interpersonal stress and social rejection, are
among the strongest proximal risk factors for depression. In this review, we propose a …

The depressive state has been characterised as one of elevated inflammation, which holds
promise for better understanding treatment-resistance in affective disorders as well as for …

Background The link between the abnormalities of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis and depression has been one of the most consistently reported findings in psychiatry. At …

Over the past three decades, an intricate interaction between immune activation, release of
pro-inflammatory cytokines and changes in brain circuits related to mood and behavior has …

BACKGROUND: Major depression occurs in 4.4% to 20% of the general population. Studies
suggest that major depression is accompanied by immune dysregulation and activation of …

Context There is a central belief that depression is associated with hyperactivity of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in higher cortisol levels. However, results are …

Beside the well-known deficiency in serotonergic neurotransmission as pathophysiological
correlate of major depression (MD), recent evidence points to a pivotal role of increased …

Epidemiological evidence for the inflammatory hypothesis of depression is largely cross-
sectional; people with depression have elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory …