Polyploids—organisms that have multiple sets of chromosomes—are common in certain
plant and animal taxa, and can be surprisingly stable. The evidence that has emerged from …

The importance of gene duplication in supplying raw genetic material to biological evolution
has been recognized since the 1930s. Recent genomic sequence data provide substantial …

INTRODUCTION Genetic interactions occur when mutations in two or more genes combine
to generate an unexpected phenotype. An extreme negative or synthetic lethal genetic …

Abstract Background Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are essential components in plant
tolerance mechanism under various abiotic stresses. Hsp20 is the major family of heat shock …

Deleting a gene in an organism often has little phenotypic effect,,,,, owing to two
mechanisms of compensation,,,,,,. The first is the existence of duplicate genes: that is, the …

The emergence of insecticide resistance in the mosquito poses a serious threat to the
efficacy of many malaria control programs. We have searched the Anopheles gambiae …

Among major reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exhibits dual roles
in plant metabolism. Low levels of H2O2 modulate many biological/physiological processes …

A complete set of candidate disease resistance (R) genes encoding nucleotide-binding sites
(NBSs) was identified in the genome sequence of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. var …

I here estimate the energy cost of changes in gene expression for several thousand genes in
the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A doubling of gene expression, as it occurs in a gene …

We estimated the dates of the monocot–dicot split and the origin of core eudicots using a
large chloroplast (cp) genomic dataset. Sixty-one protein-coding genes common to the 12 …