Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high mortality and disability, with a substantial
socioeconomic burden. With the standardization of the treatment process, there is increasing …

Simple Summary Macrophages are a specialized immune cell type found in both
invertebrates and vertebrates. Versatile in functionality, macrophages carry out important …

As important immune cells, microglia undergo a series of alterations during aging that
increase the susceptibility to brain dysfunctions. However, the longitudinal characteristics of …

Microglia represent the first line of immune feedback in the brain. Beyond immune
surveillance, they are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent research has …

Although the visual system extends through the brain, most vision loss originates from
defects in the eye. Its central element is the neural retina, which senses light, processes …

For decades, it has been widely believed that the blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides an
immune privileged environment in the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking peripheral …

One main factor contributing to the cognitive loss in vascular dementia (VD) is white matter
lesions (WMLs) carried on by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). A secondary …

Highlights•Microglia are resident macrophages of CNS that are involved in brain
homeostasis.•Oligodendrocytes are myelinating cells of the CNS that metabolically support …

Microglia are important resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play
an important role in its development, homeostasis, and disease treatments. Activated …

Optic neuritis, a primary clinical manifestation commonly observed in multiple sclerosis (MS),
is a major factor leading to permanent loss of vision. Despite decreased vision (optic …