Denmark has a large network of population-based medical databases, which routinely
collect high-quality data as a by-product of health care provision. The Danish medical …

Importance The initial clinical sign of pubertal onset in girls is breast gland development
(thelarche). Although numerous studies have used recalled age at menarche (first …

The initiation and maintenance of reproductive capacity in humans is dependent on pulsatile
secretion of the hypothalamic hormone GnRH. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism …

Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder caused by the
deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which …

Puberty marks the end of childhood and is a period when individuals undergo physiological
and psychological changes to achieve sexual maturation and fertility. The hypothalamic …

Adolescence encompasses a sensitive developmental period of enhanced clinical
vulnerability to nicotine, tobacco, and e‐cigarettes. While there are sociocultural influences …

Central precocious puberty results from the premature activation of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-gonadal axis. It mimics physiological pubertal development, although at an …

Wildlife has often presented and suggested the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals
(EDCs). Animal studies have given us an important opportunity to understand the …

Background A secular trend towards earlier puberty has been observed in girls, while a
similar trend has been more uncertain in boys. We estimated current ages at pubertal …

This update, written by authors designated by multiple pediatric endocrinology societies
(see List of Participating Societies) from around the globe, concisely addresses topics …