Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination is a widely adopted desalination
technology given its cost effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to thermal …

Bacteria and filamentous fungi (ff) are commonly encountered in biofilms developed in
drinking water (DW) distribution systems (DWDS). Despite their intimate ecological …

Supplying safe drinking water in humanitarian emergencies is critical, and source water
chlorination is a commonly implemented intervention to provide safe water. We evaluated …

Near-infrared spectral data can be used as a critical indicator for the quantitative analysis of
sample molecules. However, water can strongly absorb infrared radiation, and the infrared …

Waterborne illnesses are a leading health concern in refugee and internally displaced
person (IDP) settlements where waterborne pathogens often spread through household …

Bucket chlorination, where chlorine is dosed directly into water collection containers, is a
point-of-source water treatment intervention commonly implemented in cholera outbreaks …

The disinfection process is used in the treatment of water for human supply to promote
sanitary safety and provide users with drinking water that meets potability standards. Thus, it …

Water chlorination is widely used in emergency responses to reduce diarrheal diseases,
although communities with no prior exposure to chlorinated drinking water can have low …

Chlorine is a widely used water disinfectant in humanitarian emergency water supply.
However, its effective application can be limited by the uncertainty in initial dose …

Free chlorination is a widely employed disinfection method in humanitarian water provision
due to its many advantages. However, its effective application is hindered by the challenge …