The choroid is richly innervated by parasympathetic, sympathetic and trigeminal sensory
nerve fibers that regulate choroidal blood flow in birds and mammals, and presumably other …

As in humans, song production in birds involves the intricate coordination of at least three
major groups of muscles: namely, those of the syrinx, the respiratory apparatus, and the …

How consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly
assumed, and why all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates are conscious …

The standard nomenclature that has been used for many telencephalic and related
brainstem structures in birds is based on flawed assumptions of homology to mammals. In …

Sturkie's Avian Physiology is the classic comprehensive single volume on the physiology of
domestic as well as wild birds. The Fifth Edition is thoroughly revised and updated, and …

The descending, efferent projections of nucleus robustus archistriatalis were investigated in
male zebra finches and greenfinches with injections of either biotinylated dextran amine or …

The avian caudolateral neostriatum (NCL) was first identified on the basis of its dense
dopaminergic innervation. This fact and data from lesion studies have led to the notion that …

Ascending auditory efferents in birds terminate mainly within Field L2, a cytoarchitectonically
distinct region of the caudomedial telencephalon. The organization of Field L2, and that of its …

Abdominal muscles serve many roles; in addition to breathing, especially at higher levels of
chemical drive or at increased end-expiratory lung volumes, they are responsible for, or …

Birds have well‐developed basal ganglia within the telencephalon, including a striatum
consisting of the medially located lobus parolfactorius (LPO) and the laterally located …