Since test items are the building blocks of any test, learning how to develop and validate test
items has always been critical to the teaching-learning process. As they grow in importance …

The construct of active learning permeates undergraduate education in science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (STEM), but despite its prevalence, the construct means …

This study aims to determine prospective science student teachers' alternative conceptions
of the chemical equilibrium concept. A 13-item pencil and paper, two-tier multiple choice …

The idea that chemical knowledge can be represented in three main ways: macro, submicro,
and symbolic (chemistry triplet) has become paradigmatic in chemistry and science …

Self-efficacy beliefs that relate to teachers' motivation and performance have been an
important area of concern for preservice teacher education. Research suggests high-quality …

Computer-assisted formative assessments with multiple-tier items are a valid instrument for
diagnosing students' conceptual understanding in learning domains with well-structured …

This study focused on the development of a two-tier multiple-choice diagnostic instrument,
which was designed and then progressively modified, and implemented to assess students' …

Teachers use multiple representations to communicate the concepts of bonding, including
Lewis structures, formulas, space-filling models, and 3D manipulatives. As students learn to …

The objective of this study was to develop a two-tier test about the subject of “Separation of
Matter” in 9th grade chemistry curriculum and to argue the efficiency of this test on students' …

The purpose of this research was to understand the misconception level of 10th grade
students in Yogyakarta province of Indonesia in understanding the concept of ionic and …