Herein we summarize important discoveries made over many years about Leydig cell
function and regulation. Fetal Leydig cells produce the high levels of androgen (testosterone …

The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein located in the outer
mitochondrial membrane. TSPO binding, as measured with positron emission tomography …

The potential for positron emission tomography (PET) to detect neuroinflammation in vivo
has sparked a remarkable interest in various disciplines of neuroscience. Early PET …

Serum testosterone (TS) levels decrease with aging in both humans and rodents. Using the
rat as a model system, it was found that age-related reductions in serum TS were not due to …

All animal subcellular membranes require cholesterol, which influences membrane fluidity
and permeability, fission and fusion processes, and membrane protein function. The …

Mitochondria drive cellular adaptation to stress by retro-communicating with the nucleus.
This process is known as mitochondrial retrograde response (MRR) and is induced by …

Translocator protein (18 kDa)(TSPO) is a ubiquitous mitochondrial protein. Studies of its
responses to drug and endogenous ligands have shown TSPO to be involved either directly …

The mitochondria have a fundamental role in both cellular energy supply and oxidative
stress regulation and are target of the effects of sex steroids, particularly the neuroprotective …

In men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis are
impaired. Metformin and the agonists of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin …