The skeletal system is the basis of the vertebral body composition, which affords stabilization
sites for muscle attachment, protects vital organs, stores mineral ions, supplies places to the …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in aging and multiple degenerative diseases, including
intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, the maintenance of …

Compromised autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction downregulate chondrocytic activity,
accelerating the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Irisin, a cleaved form of fibronectin type …

Bone diseases are usually caused by abnormal metabolism and death of cells in bones,
including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and bone marrow …

Adenosine receptors (ARs) are widely acknowledged pharmacological targets yet are still
underutilized in clinical practice. Their ubiquitous distribution in almost all cells and tissues …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability in the elderly population and represents a
significant public health problem and socioeconomic burden worldwide. However, no …

Early pathological upregulation of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), one of the caffeine
targets, by neurons is thought to be involved in the development of synaptic and memory …

Pro-inflammatory immune system development, metabolomic defects, and deregulation of
autophagy play interconnected roles in driving the pathogenesis of systemic lupus …

The existing literature points towards the presence of robust mitochondrial mechanisms
aimed at mitigating protein dyshomeostasis within the organelle. However, the precise …