The discovery of kisspeptin as a critical central regulatory factor of GnRH release has given
people a novel understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation in human reproduction …

Kisspeptin (KP) and neurokinin B (NKB) are neuropeptides that govern the reproductive
endocrine axis through regulating hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) …

Sexual behavior is fundamental for the survival of mammalian species and thus supported
by dedicated neural substrates. The ventrolateral part of ventromedial hypothalamus …

Sexual incentive stimuli activate sexual motivation and heighten the level of general arousal.
The sexual motive may induce the individual to approach the incentive, and eventually to …

The obligatory role of kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor (KISS1R) in regulating the
hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, puberty and fertility was uncovered in 2003. In the few …

Reproductive behaviors are sexually differentiated: for example, male rodents show
mounting behavior, while females in estrus show lordosis behavior as sex-specific sexual …

It was recently shown that kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular area
(AVPV) orchestrate female sexual behavior, including lordosis behavior and mate …

FIGURE 2. The empirical neuroanatomy and the kisspeptin (KP) gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) pathway and the relationship between KP, neurokinin B (NKB), dynorphin …

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with well-
established effects on reproduction and behavior in developmentally-exposed (F1) …

FIGURE 1. Cranial nerves. Panel A shows a digital depiction of a threedimensional virtual
dissection (basal view) of the CNs of the human brain, including the CN 0. Panel B shows a …