As the energy-intensive and productive sector, agriculture enriched social prosperity, fed
people, and enriched huge poverty worldwide. Development mechanisms, energy …

In an effort to improve air quality, developed countries are stepping up their environmental
measures. On the other hand, the level of environmental measures remains low for …

Aimed at enhancing economic prosperity through unimpeded trade, the Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI) is controversial as large-scale infrastructure construction may accelerate …

It is of great practical significance to explore the impact of trade on energy efficiency
convergence for improving the overall energy efficiency, narrowing the energy efficiency gap …

The investigation of the stationarity property of energy consumption has recently been a
challenge for researchers in energy economics and important for consistent policy …

Several studies have proven a positive impact of information and communication
technologies (ICT) on economic growth. Nevertheless, some studies have suggested a …

Investigating the stochastic convergence of energy consumption per capita and its catch-up
rate is important for policies in energy demand and supply as well as environmental …

Abstract The European Green Deal initiatives refer to pollution reduction and management
of climate changes. The aim of this paper is to analyze the stochastic convergence in per …

This study provides a new and comprehensive investigation of the explosivity and stochastic
characteristics of historical oil consumption per capita using double recursive procedures …

Investigating the energy intensity convergence in Iran, as a country with very high energy
intensity in the world, is important in order to assess whether the government's energy …