Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

The adenovirus, an 80–100 nm, nonenveloped, icosa-hedral capsid, double-stranded DNA
virus, is a wellknown cause of respiratory tract infections (Ginsberg, 1984). Adenovirus …

Substance and alcohol use disorders impose large health and economic burdens on
individuals, families, communities, and society. Neither prevention nor treatment efforts are …

Vaccines offer a promising therapeutic strategy to treat substance use disorders (SUD).
Vaccines have shown extensive preclinical proof of selectivity, safety, and efficacy against …

An argument that moral functioning is immeasurably complex, mediated by biology but not
determined by it. Throughout history, humanity has been seen as being in need of …

Decades of research on cocaine has produced volumes of data that have answered many
important questions about the nature of this highly addictive drug. Sadly, none of this …

Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a
significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial …

Heroin is a highly abused opioid and incurs a significant detriment to society worldwide. In
an effort to expand the limited pharmacotherapy options for opioid use disorders, a heroin …

There are an estimated several million crack-cocaine users globally; use is highest in the
Americas. Most crack users are socio-economically marginalized (eg, homeless), and …

Innovative breakthroughs in nanotechnology are having a substantial impact in healthcare,
especially for brain diseases where effective therapeutic delivery systems are desperately …