Abstract Background and Aims This review aims to summarize current and emerging
therapies for treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED), in the light of novel understanding of …

Graves'-associated upper eyelid retraction (GAUER) is the commonest manifestation of
orbitopathy in adults. Surgical management typically follows a 3-step staged approach …

Purpose To gauge the efficacy and safety of performing a one-stage endoscopic orbital
decompression procedure combined with the intraoperative relaxed medial rectus muscle …

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of orbital decompression combined with strabismus
surgery in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and identify factors leading to surgical …

Purpose To evaluate the effect of previous orbital decompression on outcomes of rectus
muscle recession surgery in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Methods This …

The aim of this study was to identify the three-dimensional topography of the sphenoid door
jamb (SDJ) in the lateral orbital wall and to propose navigational guidelines for safe deep …

Purpose To evaluate the changes in Bell's phenomenon after inferior and medial orbital wall
decompression in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Methods This …

A number of key insights into eye disease have been revealed in the past decade, which
has resulted in the development of novel, effective, targeted therapies such as …

In 1986, Shorr and Seiff 1 described a staged approach for surgical rehabilitation for the
treatment of patients with thyroid eye disease (TED). They suggested a 4-stage surgical …

Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a frequent cause of single or multiple extraocular
muscle enlargement leading to restrictive strabismus. The impairment of ocular motility is …