The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and
the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

The retina is an immune privileged tissue, which is protected from external and internal
insults by its blood-retina barriers and immune suppressive microenvironment. Apart from …

Inflammation is an adaptive response of the immune system to noxious insults to maintain
homeostasis and restore functionality. The retina is considered an immune-privileged tissue …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and retina, are constantly engaged in the
surveillance of their surrounding neural tissue. During embryonic development they infiltrate …

Para-inflammation is a tissue adaptive response to noxious stress or malfunction and has
characteristics that are intermediate between basal and inflammatory states (Medzhitov …

Diabetic retinopathy remains a frightening prospect to patients and frustrates physicians.
Destruction of damaged retina by photocoagulation remains the primary treatment nearly 50 …

Microglia cells are phagocytic sentinels in the CNS and in the retina required for neuronal
homeostasis and innate immune defense. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests …

The retina, an immune privileged tissue, has specialized immune defense mechanisms
against noxious insults that may exist in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration …