Foreignness has long been a central construct in international business research, with
research streams examining its conceptualizations, manifestations, and consequences …

The concept of liabilities of foreignness (LOFs) describes the additional costs that
multinational enterprises have to face relative to their indigenous competitors when …

Combining internalisation theory and internationalisation networking literature we study how
international entrepreneurial ventures use social media to internationalise. Our qualitative …

The costs of doing business abroad (CDBA) is a well-known concept in the international
business literature, measuring the disadvantages or additional costs borne by multinational …

Purpose Little research has been done on the emergence of companies that engage in
increasingly digital entrepreneurship with digitalized value-chain activities. The purpose of …

Foreignness is generally viewed as a liability for the multinational enterprise, negatively
affecting strategic fit and the successful transfer of firm assets abroad. Using semiotics—the …

We study the causes of the difficulties faced by firms when they internationalize in search of
new markets. We build on the resource-based theory to argue that the difficulties in …

Because networks are a growing mode of doing business, internationalizing firms need to
understand how they can use experiential knowledge of networks. In the context of …

Studies of corruption and its relationship with foreign direct investment (FDI) have yielded
mixed results; some have found that corruption deters FDI but others have found the …

We contend that the concept of liability of foreignness is inadequate to describe the set of
disadvantages faced by emerging economy multinational enterprises (MNEs) in …