For more than 30 years, the association between the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna
scolopes, and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri has been studied as a model …

The notion of the “biological individual” is crucial to studies of genetics, immunology,
evolution, development, anatomy, and physiology. Each of these biological subdisciplines …

Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now
challenging the life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed …

The hologenome concept of evolution postulates that the holobiont (host plus symbionts)
with its hologenome (host genome plus microbiome) is a level of selection in evolution …

As our understanding of the human microbiome progresses, so does the need for natural
experimental animal models that promote a mechanistic understanding of beneficial …

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are traditionally known to sense microbial molecules
during infection to initiate inflammatory responses. However, ligands for PRRs are not …

In the last two decades, the widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has
revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity and diversity. This review examines …

The gut microbiota affects the physiology and metabolism of animals and its alteration can
lead to diseases such as gut dysplasia or metabolic disorders. Several reports have shown …

Complex microbial communities are an integral part of the Earth's ecosystem and of our
bodies in health and disease. In the last two decades, culture‐independent approaches …

Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in characterization of the coral
microbiota. Shifts in its composition often correlate with the appearance of signs of diseases …