Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a patient-specific, temporal, multifactorial
pathophysiological process that cannot yet be recapitulated in a single in vitro model …

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) encoded by the HLA gene is an important modulator for
immune responses and drug hypersensitivity reactions as well. Genetic polymorphisms of …

Little is known with certainty about the mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs);
however, there is substantive evidence that reactive metabolites are involved in most, but …

This paper summarizes current views on clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, prognosis and
management of antiepileptic drug (AED)-induced adverse skin reactions. Cochrane Central …

The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene, which codes for the fragile X mental retardation 1
protein, usually has 5 to 40 CGG repeats in the 5'untranslated promoter. The full mutation is …

Consumer use of herbal and dietary supplements has recently grown in the United States
and, with increased use, reports of rare adverse reactions have emerged. One such …

The HLA-B 15: 02 allele has been reported to have a strong association with
carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) …

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a significant source of drug recall and acute
liver failure (ALF) in the United States. While current drug development processes …

Accurate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping is critical in studies involving the
immune system. Several algorithms to estimate HLA genotypes from whole-exome data …

Carbonic anhydrase IX (hCAIX) is a membrane-spanning metalloenzyme, encoded by CA9
gene, which can lead to various carcinomas if upregulated. Due to its overexpression in …