How individual enzymes evolved is relatively well understood. However, individual enzymes
rarely confer a physiological advantage on their own. Judging by its current state, the …

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (AARSs) charge tRNA with their cognate amino acids. Many
other enzymes use amino acids as substrates, yet discrimination against noncognate amino …

Proofreading (editing) of mischarged tRNAs by cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
(aaRSs), whose impairment causes neurodegeneration and cardiac diseases, is of high …

Mycobacterium abscessus is the most common rapidly growing non-tuberculous
mycobacteria to cause pulmonary disease in patients with impaired lung function such as …

Genetic encoding of photocaged noncanonical amino acids provides a powerful tool to
study protein functions through optical control but is not yet available for acidic amino acids …

The apicomplexan parasites Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma are serious threats to human
health. Cryptosporidiosis is a severe diarrheal disease in malnourished children and …

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are modular enzymes globally conserved in the three
kingdoms of life. All catalyze the same two-step reaction, ie, the attachment of a …

Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a causal gene of Parkinson disease. G2019S
pathogenic mutation increases its kinase activity. LRRK2 regulates various phenotypes …

During mRNA decoding at the ribosome, deviations from stringent codon identity, or
“mistranslation,” are generally deleterious and infrequent. Observations of organisms that …

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) have evolved “quality control” mechanisms which
prevent tRNA aminoacylation with non-protein amino acids, such as homocysteine …