The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

Aversive events rapidly and potently excite certain dopamine neurons in the ventral
tegmental area (VTA), promoting phasic increases in the medial prefrontal cortex and …

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for developing …

Improvements in health care have greatly increased life span in the United States. The focus
is now shifting from physical well-being to improvement in mental well-being or maintenance …

Stress is a strong modulator of memory function. However, memory is not a unitary process
and stress seems to exert different effects depending on the memory type under study. Here …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a range of higher order 'executive functions' that
subserve the selection and processing of information in such a way that behavior can be …

Cajal was probably the first neurobiologist to suggest that plasticity of nerve cells almost
completely disappeared during aging. However, we know today that neural plasticity is still …

Stress can be defined as a brain–body reaction towards stimuli arising from the environment
or from internal cues that are interpreted as a disruption of homeostasis. The organization of …

Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to have powerful beneficial effects on a
variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

The assessment of learning and memory in animal models has been widely employed in
scientific research for a long time. Among these models, those representing diseases with …