This review focuses on the role of the Cytochrome p450 subfamily 26 (CYP26) retinoic acid
(RA) degrading enzymes during development and regeneration. Cyp26 enzymes, along …

Prenatal exposure to ethanol results in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a syndrome
characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations including craniofacial …

A couple of decades ago, when I first heard the term mechanobiology, I thought it was just a
fancy and more modern name for biomechanics. While there certainly is overlap between …

Production and emigration of neural crest cells is a transient process followed by the
emergence of the definitive roof plate. The mechanisms regulating the end of neural crest …

Sonic hedgehog (Shh), produced in the notochord and floor plate, is necessary for both
neural and mesodermal development. To reach the myotome, Shh has to traverse the …

During embryonic development, the telecephalon undergoes extensive growth and cleaves
into right and left cerebral hemispheres. Although molecular signals have been implicated in …

Owing to the reports of microcephaly as a consistent outcome in the fetuses of pregnant
women infected with ZIKV in Brazil, Zika virus (ZIKV)—microcephaly etiomechanistic …

Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for establishing layered brain structures, a process
called corticogenesis, by acting on transcriptional activity of numerous genes. In humans …

Diencephalic defects underlie an array of neurological diseases. Previous studies have
suggested that retinoic acid (RA) signaling is involved in diencephalic development at late …

Neural tube defects (NTDs), which are caused by impaired embryonic neural tube closure,
are one of the most serious and common birth defects. Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase 1 …