The heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem and has received a serious concern for
the ecosystem and human health. In the last decade, remediation of the agricultural polluted …

Toxic metal contamination of soil is a major environmental hazard. Chemical methods for
heavy metal's (HMs) decontamination such as heat treatment, electroremediation, soil …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

Soil salinity has emerged as a major obstacle to meet world food demands. Halo-tolerant
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are potential bioinoculants to enhance crop …

Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils due to human production activities—
mining, fossil fuel combustion, and application of chemical fertilizers/pesticides—results in …

Uptake, translocation, detoxification, and sequestration of heavy metals (HMs) are key
processes in plants to deal with excess amounts of HM. Under natural conditions, plant roots …

The pollution of soil, water, and air by potentially toxic trace elements poses risks to
environmental and human health. For this reason, many chemical, physical, and biological …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil fungi developing symbiotic association with most
terrestrial plants. In such a symbiosis, the fungi provide the host plant with water and …

Soil heavy metal (HM) pollution, which arises from natural and anthropogenic sources, is a
prime threat to the environment due to its accumulative property and non-biodegradability …

Essential and non-essential trace metals are capable of causing toxicity to organisms above
a threshold concentration. Extensive research has assessed the behaviour of trace metals in …