Cloning of multiple opioid receptors has presented opportunities to investigate the
mechanisms of multiple opioid receptor signaling and the regulation of these signals. The …

1. Three pharmacological types of opioid receptors, μ, δ and κ, and their corresponding
genes have been identified. Although other types of opioid receptors have been suggested …

Although pharmacological data provide strong evidence for different types of opioid
receptors (eg, mu, delta, and kappa), they share many common properties in their ability to …

Opioid peptides and exogenous opioids such as morphine are known to exert important
cardiovascular effects. However, until recently, it was not appreciated that activation of …

The perception of shape is independent of the size and position of the shape and also of the
visual cue that defines it. The same shape can be recognized whether defined by a …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

From the demonstration of the existence of multiple opioid receptors and the isolation of the
endogenous opioid peptides in the brain, it is now clear that the activities of these receptors …

Over the past 20 years we have seen a phenomenal increase in our understanding of the
diversity and the molecular mechanism of action of signal transduction systems. Now we are …

Despite the existence of a large body of information on the subject, the mechanisms of
opiate tolerance and dependence are not yet fully understood. Although the traditional …

Cannabinoid receptor activation of G-proteins can be measured by WIN 55212–2-stimulated
[35S] GTPγS binding. Receptor/transducer amplification factors, interpreted as the number of …