Physiologically important cell-signalling networks are complex, and contain several points of
regulation, signal divergence and crosstalk with other signalling cascades. Here, we use the …

Insulin controls nutrient and metabolic homeostasis via the IRS–PI3K–AKT signaling
cascade that targets FOXO1 and mTOR. Mitochondria, as the prime metabolic platform …

Insulin signaling at target tissues is essential for growth and development and for normal
homeostasis of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Control over this process is therefore …

The crystal structure of the phosphorylated, activated form of the insulin receptor tyrosine
kinase in complex with a peptide substrate and an ATP analog has been determined at 1.9 …

Insulin resistance is a pathophysiological component of type 2 diabetes and obesity and
also occurs in states of stress, infection, and inflammation associated with an upregulation of …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or chronic hyperinsulinemia that induce insulin resistance
trigger increased Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR) and of its major insulin …

Crk family adaptors are widely expressed and mediate the timely formation of signal
transduction protein complexes upon a variety of extracellular stimuli, including various …

The SOCS proteins are induced by several cytokines and are involved in negative feedback
loops. Here we demonstrate that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, insulin, a hormone whose receptor …

Insulin receptor substrates (Irs proteins) mediate the pleiotropic effects of insulin and Igf-1
(insulin-like growth factor-1), including regulation of glucose homeostasis and cell growth …

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) molecules are key mediators in insulin signaling and play a
central role in maintaining basic cellular functions such as growth, survival, and metabolism …