The energy radiated by the Earth toward space does not compensate the incoming radiation
from the Sun leading to a small positive energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (0.4 …

We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)—a system of ocean currents in the
North Atlantic—has a major impact on climate, yet its evolution during the industrial era is …

We document the configuration and emergent simulation features from the Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) OM4. 0 ocean/sea ice model. OM4 serves as the …

Abstract The MPI‐ESM1. 2 is the latest version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System
Model and is the baseline for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and …

We present an unprecedented set of high‐resolution climate simulations, consisting of a 500‐
year pre‐industrial control simulation and a 250‐year historical and future climate simulation …

Abstract We describe the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's CM4. 0 physical climate
model, with emphasis on those aspects that may be of particular importance to users of this …

Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment of
projected global and regional ocean temperature change is based on global climate models …