Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also
has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases …

The empirical and pragmatic nature of diagnostic microbiology has given rise to several
different schemes to subtype E. coli, including biotyping, serotyping, and pathotyping. These …

The metabolic capabilities and regulatory networks of bacteria have been optimized by
evolution in response to selective pressures present in each species' native ecological …

Efflux pumps represent an important and large group of transporter proteins found in all
organisms. The importance of efflux pumps resides in their ability to extrude a wide range of …

Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal
disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae …

Among the intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) are a group
of intracellular pathogens able to enter epithelial cells of colon, multiplicate within them, and …

Polyamines are small polycationic molecules found in almost all cells and associated with a
wide variety of physiological processes. In recent years it has become increasingly clear …

Bacterial pathogens are able to survive within diverse habitats. The dynamic adaptation to
the surroundings depends on their ability to sense environmental variations and to respond …

Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) are widespread types of protein
machinery, typically consisting of a histidine kinase membrane sensor and a cytoplasmic …

Shigella sonnei increasingly dominates the international epidemiological landscape of
shigellosis. Treatment options for S. sonnei are dwindling due to resistance to several key …