Plants can be engineered to recombinantly produce high-quality proteins such as
therapeutic proteins and vaccines, also known as molecular farming. Molecular farming can …

Galectins are among the most widely expressed class of lectins in all organisms. They
typically bind β-galactose-containing glycoconjugates and share primary structural …

The arenavirus Lassa causes severe hemorrhagic fever and a significant disease burden in
West Africa every year. The glycoprotein, GPC, is the sole antigen expressed on the viral …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent for the
global COVID-19 pandemic, triggers the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) assemble by budding into the lumen of the intermediate compartment
(IC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi interface. However, why CoVs have chosen the …

Similar to other RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 must (1) enter a target/host cell,(2) reprogram it
to ensure its replication,(3) exit the host cell, and (4) repeat this cycle for exponential growth …

Exosomes, also known as microvesicles (EMVs), are nano-sized membranous particles
secreted from nearly all mammalian cell types. These nanoparticles play critical roles in …

Efforts to discover antiviral drugs and diagnostic platforms have intensified to an
unprecedented level since the outbreak of COVID-19. Nano-sized endosomal vesicles …

Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that are dependent on cellular machineries for
their replication. Recent technological breakthroughs have facilitated reliable identification …

Since the recent outbreak of COVID-19, there have been intense efforts to understand viral
pathogenesis and host immune response to combat SARS-CoV-2. It has become evident …