Bidirectional typing combines two modes of typing: type checking, which checks that a
program satisfies a known type, and type synthesis, which determines a type from the …

Siek and Taha [2006] coined the term gradual typing to describe a theory for integrating
static and dynamic typing within a single language that 1) puts the programmer in control of …

A recent trend in programming language research is to use behavioral type theory to ensure
various correctness properties of largescale, communication-intensive systems. Behavioral …

Language researchers and designers have extended a wide variety of type systems to
support gradual typing, which enables languages to seamlessly combine dynamic and static …

Combining static and dynamic typing within the same language offers clear benefits to
programmers. It provides dynamic typing in situations that require rapid prototyping …

Many languages are beginning to integrate dynamic and static typing. Siek and Taha offered
gradual typing as an approach to this integration that provides a coherent and full-span …

In security-typed programming languages, types statically enforce noninterference between
potentially conspiring values, such as the arguments and results of functions. But to adopt …

Gradual typing is a discipline for integrating dynamic checking into a static type system.
Since its introduction in functional languages, it has been adapted to a variety of type …

Typestate reflects how the legal operations on imperative objects can change at runtime as
their internal state changes. A typestate checker can statically ensure, for instance, that an …

The dynamic and reflective features of programming languages are powerful constructs that
programmers often mention as extremely useful. However, the ability to modify a program at …