Annotated logics were introduced in [43] and later studied in [5, 7, 31, 32]. In [32],
annotations were extended to allow variables and functions, and it was argued that such …

Of all scientific investigations into reasoning with uncertainty and chance, probability theory
is perhaps the best understood paradigm. Nevertheless, all studies conducted thus far into …

Consider the construction of an expert system by encoding the knowledge of different
experts. Suppose the knowledge provided by each expert is encoded into a knowledge …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses paraconsistent logics (PL) and paraconsistency.
PL are the logics of inconsistent but nontrivial theories. A deductive theory is paraconsistent …

The integration of knowledge for multiple sources is an important aspect of automated
reasoning systems. When different knowledge bases are used to store knowledge provided …

Background In recent years, the potential of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in the
health field has been discussed widely. However, most MCDA methodologies have given …

Pawlak proposed rough set theory in 1982. It can be seen as an extension of set theory, in
which a subset of a universe is formalized by a pair of sets, ie, the lower and upper …

In this paper, we propose an annotated logic program called an EVALPSN (Extended Vector
Annotated Logic Program with Strong Negation) to formulate the semantics for a defeasible …

Paraconsistent logics refer to non-classical logical systems, which can properly handle
contradictions. They can overcome defects of classical logic. Initially, they were motivated by …

Databases and knowledge bases could be inconsistent in many ways. For example, during
the construction of an expert system, we may consult many different experts. Each expert …