Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant defense hormone that promotes immunity against
biotrophic and semibiotrophic pathogens. It plays crucial roles in basal defense and the …

Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Extreme weather conditions associated with climate change affect many aspects of plant
and animal life, including the response to infectious diseases. Production of salicylic acid …

Highlights•Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant defense hormone with critical roles in PTI, ETI and
SAR.•Induction of SA synthesis is orchestrated via complex transcriptional regulation of …

Plant hormones play a vital role in promoting growth, development and metabolism of the
plant, as well as act as a protector against various environmental stresses. In particular …

Plants use diverse immune receptors to sense pathogen attacks. Recognition of pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors localized on the …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes,
leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular …

Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant hormone required for establishing resistance to many
pathogens. SA biosynthesis involves two main metabolic pathways with multiple steps: the …

Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens
within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of …