Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Cancer is now considered a tumor microenvironment (TME) disease, although it was
originally thought to be a cell and gene expression disorder. Over the past 20 years …

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are preferred immune cells for targeting cancer.
During cancer progression, CTLs encounter dysfunction and exhaustion due to …

Tumor-infiltrating T cells often lose their effector function; however, the mechanisms are
incompletely understood. We report that cholesterol in the tumor microenvironment induces …

Despite significant advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy, the majority of patients
still do not benefit from treatment and must rely on traditional therapies. Dendritic cells have …

External radiotherapy is extensively used in clinic to destruct tumors by locally applied
ionizing‐radiation beams. However, the efficacy of radiotherapy is usually limited by tumor …

Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in
cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death across the world. Unlike lung
adenocarcinoma, patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not benefitted …

Cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumour-specific T cell responses through
active immunization, have long been envisioned as a key tool of effective cancer …

In chronic infections and in cancer, persistent antigen stimulation under suboptimal
conditions can lead to the induction of T-cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are …