Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Two and a half years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we have gained many insights into the
human antibody response to the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this Review, we …

Despite signs of infection—including taste loss, dry mouth and mucosal lesions such as
ulcerations, enanthema and macules—the involvement of the oral cavity in coronavirus …

The new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and
causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and …

The adaptive immune system is important for control of most viral infections. The three
fundamental components of the adaptive immune system are B cells (the source of …

Since the initial reports of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unidentified origin in Wuhan,
China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus that causes this disease—severe acute …

SUMMARY The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of confirmed cases and …

INTRODUCTION Immunological memory is the basis for durable protective immunity after
infections or vaccinations. Duration of immunological memory after severe acute respiratory …

Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) are a persistent and essential source of
protective antibodies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 have …

SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding
domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, can …