Highlights•Nanobodies (Nbs) are camelid-derived single-domain antibodies.•Nbs have
powerful binding and inhibitory capacity with great therapeutic potential.•Nbs are used in …

Sera of camelids contain both conventional heterotetrameric antibodies and unique
functional heavy (H)-chain antibodies (HCAbs). The H chain of these homodimeric …

Escherichia coli expression system continues to dominate the bacterial expression systems
and remain to be the preferred system for laboratory investigations and initial development …

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a class of mycotoxin mainly produced by the genera Aspergillus and
Penicillium. OTA can cause various forms of kidney, liver and brain diseases in both humans …

Proteolytic enzymes (also termed peptidases, proteases and proteinases) are capable of
hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. They can be found in all living organisms, from …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody fragments represent the most important
biopharmaceutical products today. Because full length antibodies are glycosylated …

Owing to peculiar properties of nanobody, including nanoscale size, robust structure, stable
and soluble behaviors in aqueous solution, reversible refolding, high affinity and specificity …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth
disease virus (FMDV). Outbreaks of this disease in a country always result in conspicuous …

Single-domain antibodies (sdAb), recombinantly produced variable heavy domains derived
from the unconventional heavy chain antibodies found in camelids, provide stable, well …

Single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are gaining a reputation as superior recognition elements
as they combine the advantages of the specificity and affinity found in conventional …