Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

Whereas progress has been made in the identification of neural signals related to rapid,
cued decisions,–, less is known about how brains guide and terminate more ethologically …

Channelrhodopsins are light-activated ion channels that mediate cation permeation across
cell membranes upon light absorption. Red-light-activated channelrhodopsins are of …

Optogenetics revolutionizes basic research in neuroscience and cell biology and bears
potential for medical applications. We develop mutants leading to a unifying concept for the …

Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative
focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last …

Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in
transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or …

Optogenetic techniques permit studies of excitable tissue through genetically expressed
light-gated microbial channels or pumps permitting transmembrane ion movement. Light …

Although channelrhodopsin (ChR) is a widely applied light-activated ion channel, important
properties such as light adaptation, photocurrent inactivation, and alteration of the ion …

A handful of biological proton-selective ion channels exist. Some open at positive or
negative membrane potentials, others open at low or high pH, and some are light activated …