Since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 of clade 2.3.
4.4 b as a novel reassortant virus from subtype H5N8, the virus has led to a massive number …

It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of
clade 2.2. 1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest …

Zoonotic diseases are of considerable concern to the human population and viruses such as
avian influenza (AIV) threaten food security, wildlife conservation and human health. Wild …

Background The emergence of the 2009 influenza pandemic virus with a swine origin
stressed the importance of improving influenza surveillance in swine populations. The …

It is quite intriguing that bovines were largely unaffected by influenza A, even though most of
the domesticated and wild animals/birds at the human–animal interface succumbed to …

The potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) at the
farm-side level has gained increasing consideration over the past two decades. In some …

Outside Asia, Egypt is considered to be an influenza H5N1 epicentre and presents a far
greater pandemic risk than other countries. The long-term endemicity of H5N1 and the …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have spread in both poultry and wild
birds. Determining transmission routes of these viruses during an outbreak is essential for …

Abstract Introduction Avian influenza A H5N1 is a significant global public health threat.
Although relevant, systematic reviews about its prevalence in animals are lacking. Methods …

Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the
increased adoption of pig production as an important economic activity. Of all species, pigs …