Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that have a major role in
pathogen-induced inflammation and orchestrating an organism's defense against infection …

The sensitive and broadly reactive character of the innate immune system makes it liable to
activation by stress factors other than infection. Thermal and metabolic stresses experienced …

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) that occurs with solid organ transplantation activates the
innate immune system to induce inflammation. This leads to enhanced acute allograft …

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in T cell
activation, survival, and differentiation. Acting as a switch that induces the differentiation of …

We have previously shown that islet emboli in the portal vein block blood flow and induce
local inflammatory reaction, resulting in functional loss of islet grafts following intraportal …

Although islet transplantation is an effective treatment for Type 1 diabetes, primary
engraftment failure contributes to suboptimal outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that islet …

Bilirubin has been recognized as a powerful cytoprotectant when used at physiologic doses
and was recently shown to have immunomodulatory effects in islet allograft transplantation …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been determined to be an autoimmune disease involving the
selective destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that …

Background 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor of heme biosynthesis, plays a
fundamentally important role in aerobic energy metabolism. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 …

Islet transplantation is a therapeutic option to replace β-cell mass lost during type 1 or type
3c diabetes. Innate immune responses, particularly the instant blood-mediated inflammatory …