Nucleases cleave the phosphodiester bonds of nucleic acids and may be endo or exo,
DNase or RNase, topoisomerases, recombinases, ribozymes, or RNA splicing enzymes. In …

More than 3000 type II restriction endonucleases have been discovered. They recognize
short, usually palindromic, sequences of 4–8 bp and, in the presence of Mg2+, cleave the …

Non-coding apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA are continually created in cells both
spontaneously and by damage-specific DNA glycosylases. The biologically critical human …

Restriction–modification (RM) systems are composed of genes that encode a restriction
enzyme and a modification methylase. RM systems sometimes behave as discrete units of …

DNA mismatch repair ensures genomic integrity on DNA replication. Recognition of a DNA
mismatch by a dimeric MutS protein initiates a cascade of reactions and results in repair of …

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) corrects mismatched base pairs mainly caused by DNA
replication errors. The fundamental mechanisms and proteins involved in the early reactions …

Studies on the structures and functions of individual kinases have been used to understand
the biological properties of other kinases that do not yet have experimental structures. The …

DNA damage occurs unceasingly in all cells. Spontaneous DNA base loss, as well as the
removal of damaged DNA bases by specific enzymes targeted to distinct base lesions …

Holliday junction resolvases (HJRs) are key enzymes of DNA recombination. A detailed
computer analysis of the structural and evolutionary relationships of HJRs and related …

Unpaired and mispaired bases in DNA can arise by replication errors, spontaneous or
induced base modifications, and during recombination. The major pathway for correction of …