Now 30 years old, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has been used in>
1300 published studies, with a year-on-year increase rising to> 200 papers in 2015. Data …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurring, and debilitating mental illness that
is the most common mood disorder in the United States. It has been almost 50 years since …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a
high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression …

The class of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) now comprises three
medications: venlafaxine, milnacipran, and duloxetine. These drugs block the reuptake of …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Despite the
many hypotheses proposed to understand the molecular pathophysiology of depression, it is …

Most antidepressants change sleep; in particular, they alter the physiological patterns of
sleep stages recorded overnight with EEG and other physiological measures. These effects …

Defensive burying refers to the typical rodent behavior of displacing bedding material with
vigorous treading-like movements of their forepaws and shoveling movements of their heads …

Chronically administered antidepressant drugs, particularly selective serotonin (5-HT)
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are clinically effective in the treatment of all anxiety disorders …

The precise mechanisms of pain perception and transmission in the central nervous system
have not been fully elucidated. However, extensive data support a role for the monoamine …