Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Nicotine has been shown to have effects on anxiety and depression in both human and
animal studies. These studies suggest that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can …

Background Smoking has been associated with a range of mental disorders including
schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and depression. People with mental illness have high rates …

Abstract The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) convened a meeting in September
2005 to review tobacco use and dependence and smoking cessation among those with …

Smoking is highly prevalent across most anxiety disorders. Tobacco use increases risk for
the later development of certain anxiety disorders, and smokers with anxiety disorders have …

Tobacco dependence among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction is a
tremendous problem that goes largely ignored. Studies of genetics, neuroimaging, and …

The aversive aspects of withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure are thought to be an
important motivational factor contributing to the maintenance of the tobacco habit in human …

Nicotine is the crucial component in tobacco that underlies smoking behavior; however, the
effects of nicotine can vary in both human and animal studies. Recent data from knockout …

Nicotine is a major component of tobacco smoke contributing to the initiation and
persistence of the harmful tobacco habit in human smokers. The reinforcing effects of …

Nicotine addiction is a complex behavioral phenomenon comprising effects on several
neural systems. Recent studies have expanded initial observations that the actions of …