Part I of this article discussed the potential functional importance of genetic mutations and
alleles of the human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene. The impact of CYP2D6 …

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of
specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic …

The application of pharmacogenetics holds great promise for individualized therapy.
However, it has little clinical reality at present, despite many claims. The main problem is that …

Antipsychotic drugs (AD) are effective and frequently prescribed to more females than
males. AD may cause serious cardiovascular side-effects, including prolonged QT interval …

Observations over the later half of the last century have suggested that genetic factors may
be the prime determinant of drug response, at least for some drugs. Retrospectively …

Considerable progress has been made in identifying genetic risk factors for idiosyncratic
adverse drug reactions in the past 30 years. These reactions can affect various tissues and …

A prolonged QT interval is an important risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden
cardiac death. QT prolongation can be caused by drugs. There are multiple risk factors for …

Abstract Drug-induced Torsades de Pointes is a rare, unpredictable, and life-threatening
serious adverse event. It can be caused by both cardiac and non-cardiac drugs and has …

The notion of personalized medicine has developed from the application of the discipline of
pharmacogenetics to clinical medicine. Although the clinical relevance of genetically …

The role of certain drug metabolizing enzymes in cardiotoxicity, such as CYP2D6 for
thioridazine, has been suggested. Risperidone has been shown to inhibit the delayed …