In multicellular organisms, angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-
existing ones, is an essential process for growth and development. Different mechanisms …

Vascular networks are formed and maintained through a multitude of angiogenic processes,
such as sprouting, anastomosis and pruning. Only recently has it become possible to study …

The tracheal system of insects is a network of epithelial tubules that functions as a
respiratory organ to supply oxygen to various target organs. Target-derived signaling inputs …

The excretory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a superb model of tubular
organogenesis involving a minimum of cells. The system consists of just three unicellular …

The creation of cellular tubes is one of the most vital developmental processes, resulting in
the formation of most organ types. Cells have co‐opted a number of different mechanisms …

Spectraplakins are evolutionarily well conserved cytoskeletal linker molecules that are true
members of three protein families: plakins, spectrins and Gas2-like proteins. Spectraplakin …

A crucial yet ill-defined step during the development of tubular networks, such as the
vasculature, is the formation of connections (anastomoses) between pre-existing lumenized …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise diverse types of cell-released membranous structures
that are thought to play important roles in intercellular communication. While the formation …

Congenital anomalies frequently occur in organs that undergo tubulogenesis. Hypospadias
is a urethral tube defect defined by mislocalized, oversized, or multiple openings of the …

A seamless tube is a very narrow-bore tube that is composed of a single cell with an
intracellular lumen and no adherens or tight junctions along its length. Many capillaries in …