The effects of sex hormones on immune function have received much attention, especially
following the proposal of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Many studies, both …

Biological sex differences refer to differences between males and females caused by the sex
chromosome complement (that is, XY or XX), reproductive tissues (that is, the presence of …

Despite the identical immunological mechanisms activating the release of mediators and
consecutive symptoms in immediate‐type allergy, there is still a clear clinical difference …

Gender-specific differences are evident in food intolerance and allergy. In this review, we
will highlight and summarize the dissimilarities in prevalence of adverse food reactions …

Sex is an important confounding variable in biomarker development that must be
incorporated into biomarker discovery and validation. Additionally, understanding of sex as …

Immune cells in the mammary gland play a number of important roles, including protection
against infection during lactation and, after passing into milk, modulation of offspring …

We have used the four core genotypes (FCG) mouse model, which allows a distinction
between effects of gonadal secretions and chromosomal complement, to determine when …

The immune response is affected by aridity, but it has been rarely examined in desert-
dwelling bats. For two consecutive years, we examined the seasonal variation in the innate …

Intracranial (ic) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice results in T cell-
driven anorexia and weight loss, which is diminished in males compared to females. We …

Introduction Breast feeding has long term effects on the developing immune system which
outlive passive immunization of the neonate. We have investigated the transfer of milk …