Hyper-induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or cytokine
release syndrome (CRS), is one of the key aspects of the currently ongoing SARS-CoV-2 …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are globally challenging due to widespread circulation and
high mortality rates. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains like H5N1 have …

Vaccines will be an important element in mitigating the impact of an influenza pandemic.
While research towards developing universal influenza vaccines is ongoing, the current …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and
lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic …

The avian influenza A virus (AIV) is naturally prevalent in aquatic birds, infecting different
avian species and transmitting from birds to humans. Both AIVs, the H5N1 and H7N9 …

Chicken lung is an important target organ of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, and
different pathogenic virus strains lead to opposite prognosis. Using a single-cell RNA …

Universal influenza vaccines should protect against continuously evolving and newly
emerging influenza viruses. T cells may be an essential target of such vaccines, as they can …

Defective viral genomes (DVGs), which are generated by the viral polymerase in error
during RNA replication, can trigger innate immunity and are implicated in altering the clinical …

Respiratory infections with newly emerging zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the
etiological agent of COVID-19, often lead to the perturbation of the human innate and …