Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization,
eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen …

Vaccine is an important means to prevent diseases, which have attracted the attention of
many researchers. However, the immune efficacy of vaccine is limited and requires effective …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative
approaches for effective treatment. Conventional TB therapy encounters several limitations …

Today, the effectiveness of the only approved tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, bacillus Calmette-
Guerin (BCG), has encountered several serious problem in the control of TB infections …

Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading
cause of death triggered by a single infectious agent, worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin …

Introduction: More than two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Most tuberculosis (TB)-subunit vaccines currently in various stages of clinical …

Objective (s): Production of effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is necessity. However, the
development of new subunit vaccines is faced with concerns about their weak …

Background Due to initiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via the mucosal tissue
of the respiratory tract, intranasal administration of new tuberculosis vaccines is highly …

Background: Due to the ineffectiveness of the BCG vaccine, especially in adult pulmonary
tuberculosis (TB), and variable efficacies against childhood forms of TB, developing an …

Deaths associated with tuberculosis (TB) is rising and accounted for 1.4 million deaths in
2015 many of which were due to drug-resistant bacteria. Vaccines represent an important …