Injury to or disease of the nervous system can invoke chronic and sometimes intractable
neuropathic pain. Many parallel, interdependent, and time-dependent processes, including …

Neuropeptides are important mediators both within the nervous system and between
neurons and other cell types. Neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related …

The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as …

Microglial cells are responsible for immune surveillance within the CNS. They respond to
noxious stimuli by releasing inflammatory mediators and mounting an effective inflammatory …

Resiliency to the adverse effects of extraordinary emotional trauma on the brain varies within
the human population. Accordingly, some people cope better than others with traumatic …

Peripheral nerve injury sensitizes a complex network of spinal cord dorsal horn (DH)
neurons to produce allodynia and neuropathic pain. The identification of a druggable target …

Fifteen percent to 35% of the United States population experiences tinnitus, a subjective
“ringing in the ears”. Up to 10% of those afflicted report severe and disabling symptoms …

Around a quarter of neurons in laminae I–II of the dorsal horn are inhibitory interneurons.
These play an important role in modulating somatosensory information, including that …

Dramatically up-regulated in the dorsal horn of the mammalian spinal cord following
inflammation or nerve injury, neuropeptide Y (NPY) is poised to regulate the transmission of …

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in peripheral sensory neurons are
functionally regulated by hydrolysis of the phosphoinositide PI (4, 5) P2 and changes in the …