Despite the crucial role played by cholesterol and copper in nutrition and normal brain
function, recent evidence indicates that they may both be important factors in the etiology of …

Interest in classical conditioning is usually focused on anticipatory responses to a stimulus
associated with a significant event, and it is assumed that responses to the event itself are …

An organism's ability to adapt to environmental challenges is aided by disparate neural
systems, acting independently and interactively to influence behavioral responding. With …

The hippocampus and the amygdala have long been associated with memory, emotion, and
motivated behaviors. Although the role of these two brain areas in learning a simple …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a learning-based anxiety disorder with significant
public health challenges due to difficulties in treating the complex, multiple symptomology …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the severe chronic diseases characterized with amyloid
beta (Aβ) aggregation and formation of senile-plaque (SP) like structures. Numerous risk …

The central nucleus (CE) of the amygdala has been gaining attention for its importance in
the plasticity underlying conditioned emotional responding. Already known for its role in …

Incubation of fear has been used to account for the delayed manifestation of symptoms of
fear and anxiety including the delayed onset of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We …

Cholesterol and sulfatides play many important roles in learning and memory. To date, our
observations about the effects of cholesterol on learning have been assessed during …

Extinction of fear is important for treating stress-related conditions particularly post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). Although traditional extinction presents the feared stimulus by itself …